The science behind the signal.
Our first paper is published, with anesthesiologists from UC Davis.
Auditory Evoked Potentials Across Cognitive States: Awake, Sleep, Sedation, and Anesthesia
Zhou Z, Singh N, Padilla M, Goehl K, Liu H, Weitzel N
A review from UC Davis and KBO Systems on how the brain's response to sound changes across wakefulness, sleep, sedation and anesthesia, and how to read those responses correctly.
Zhou Z, Singh N, Padilla M, Goehl K, Liu H, Weitzel N. Auditory Evoked Potentials Across Cognitive States: Awake, Sleep, Sedation, and Anesthesia. Med. Sci. 2026, 14(6), 618. doi:10.3390/medsci14060618
This review supports the science behind KBO's evoked-response pathway. It is not clinical validation of the KBO device.
What it covers
How the brain's response to sound changes across wakefulness, natural sleep, sedation and general anesthesia.
Why it matters
Early responses reflect how sound travels to the brain. Later responses depend more on attention and cognitive context, which is why KBO reads both.
What comes next
Testing with clinical partners continues at UC Davis under IRB approval.